Microphones
There are different types of professional grade microphones. The most commonly used professional grade microphones today are the dynamic, condenser, ribbon and tube (tube condensers and tube ribbons ). The rest are... carbon, piezoelectric, laser, liquid and MEMS (micro electrical mechanical system) microphones.
The basic parts of a professional grade microphones are the diaphragm, induction coil, magnet, cable terminals, housing and metal screen mesh for protection. Professional grade Microphones can be wired or wireless. Wired microphones uses balanced or unblanced cable to carry the audio signal. Wireless microphone systems use transmitters and receivers to carry the audio signal by radio waves using UHF or VHF frequencies in FM or AM. Some models use digital modulation. More and more sound engineers and musicians prefer to use Wireless professional grade microphones. The absence of the cable makes it very convenient to use. They don't have to worry about dragging around the cables behind them.
Professional grade Microphones has different polar patterns or how it picks up sound around it's central axis in different angles. These are Omnidirectional, Bi-directional or figure 8, cardioid, subcardioid, super cardioid, hyper cardioid and shotgun.
wikimedia commons ( public domain ) Polar pattern images by Galak76 CC
Professional grade Microphones can be handheld like most dynamic and some condenser vocal mics, pinned to shirts like the lapel mics mostly used by newscasters and in tv talk shows, mounted on a mic stand, goosenecked to a podium for presenters or speakers, hanged overhead for recording , installed infloors and even built in on some recording devices. Some professional grade microphones must be used with a Microphone Preamplifier or Mic-Preamp to function properly. A Mic-Preamp is a device that amplifies low voltages coming from a microphone to a higher more usable signal. Mic-preamps changes the microphones sound quality usually in a good way but it may also add some level of coloration due to added circuitry in the audio path. Mic-preamps comes as a stand alone device or built in to a channel strip of an audio mixer.
When selecting or buying Professional grade microphones, you also have to consider it's frequency response. The normal human hearing frequency range is from 20hz – 20khz. The way we hear musical or spoken sound fall between these ranges. Bass sound in the lower range 20hz-200hz, vocal or any other midrange sounds falls in between ( thus the term midrange ), finally the treble or highs in the higher ranges 2.5khz and above. Depending on the application, some microphones are designed to respond to a specific frequency range. In general, it's usually better to have a wider and flatter frequency responding professional grade microphones.
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